Ngữ pháp Tiếng Anh Lớp 10 - Chương trình cả năm (Bản hay)

LESSON 1 :	TENSES ( Các thì )
1. SIMPLE PRESENT: (HTĐ)
Affir : S+V1 /Vs, es
Ex : Water boils at 100o c.
Neg: S+ do/ does + not+ V1
Ex : Tom doesn’t feel hungry.
Inter: Do/ does+ S + V1 ?
Ex : How often do you go to school?
 	*(Be):am, is, are not ; (have):has/ have not +got = do / does + not + have
	Diễn tả : 	P Tình cảm, cảm giác, nhận thức ở hđộng.
	 	P Thói quen, phong tục, tập quán.
	P Chân lí, sự thật hiển nhiên.
	Với : EVERY (day, year ), ALWAYS, OFTEN, USUALLY, SOMETIME, SELDOM, RARELY, NEVER, EVER, ONCE / TWICE / THREE TIMES + ( a day/ week/ month ), all the time, now and then . . .. 
	Notes : Qui tắc thêm es đối với động từ có S số ít : 
	- Các động từ tận cùng là : o, sh, ch, x, s, và z .
	- Các động từ tận cùng là y mà đứng trước y là một phụ âm ta đổi y à i + es
	( She studies, Tom tries, He plays . . .).
2. PRESENT CONTINUOUS ( HTTD)
S + am/ is/ are + Ving
Ex: We are studying English now.
S + am/ is/ are + not + Ving
Ex: She isn’t writing when he comes.
Am/ Is/ Are + S + Ving ?
Ex: What are you doing while I am doing?
Diễn tả : P Hđộng đang xảy ra ở Htại vào lúc nói viết.
 P 2 hđộng đang kéo dài // ở Htại (while: trong khi).
 P 1 hđộng đang kéo dài ở Htại thì có 1 hđộng ngắn đột ngột xảy ra(S+ V1/ Vs, es)
Với : AT PRESENT , AT THE MOMENT , NOW, RIGHT NOW, JUST NOW 
3. PRESENT PERFECT: (HTHT)
S + has/ have + V3ed
Ex: I’ve just opened the door. 
Ex: We have studied English for many years.
S + has/ have + not + V3ed
Ex: Jack hasn’t come recently.
Has/ Have + S + V3ed?
Ex: How long have you studied English?
Diễn tả: P Hđộng Qk ko rõ tg.
 P Hđộng vừa mới xảy ra.
 P Hđộng bắt đầu trong Qk, vẫn còn tiếp tục ở Htại & có thể tiếp tục ở Tlai.
Với: BEFORE, ALREADY, RECENTLY= LATELY, EVER, NEVER, YET , JUST, TWICE, SEVERAL TIMES, SINCE + mốc TG, FOR + khoảng TG, UP TO NOW=UP TILL NOW=SO FAR 
4. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS: (HTHTTD)
S + has/ have + been + Ving. 	
Ex: We have been studying English for many years.
S + has/ have + not + been + Ving.
Has/ Have + S + been + Ving?
Diễn tả: - Hđộng bắt đầu trong Qkhứ, tiếp tục ở Htại & có thể đến Tlai 
 ( nhấn mạnh tính liên tục) - since + mốc TG ; for + khoảng TG.
5. SIMPLE PAST (QKĐ)
S + V2ed
Ex: I saw him yesterday.
S + did + not + V1
Ex: She didn’t come last week.
Did + S + V1 ?
Ex: Did Mr. Lee phone an hour ago?
 	
	*(Be) : was / were ® wasn’t, weren’t
Diễn tả: - Hđộng đã xảy ra & chấm dứt hoàn toàn trong Qk ( xác định rõ TG)
Với: - YESTERDAY, AGO ,LAST (night, week, year )
6. PAST CONTINUOUS (QKTD)
S + was/ were + Ving
Ex: We were watching TV at 7 pm yesterday.
S + was/ were + not + Ving
Ex:I was writing while my father was reading.
Was / were + S + Ving ?
Ex: She was sleeping as the telephone rang.
Diễn tả: P Hđộng xảy ra ở 1 giờ / khoảng giờ Qk xác định ( at 7pm, from 6 to 7, )
 P 2 hđộng diễn ra // ở Qk. (while: trong khi)
 P 1 hđộng Qk đang kéo dài thì 1 hđ ngắn đngột xảy ra (S + V2ed)
Với: AT THAT TIME, AT THAT MOMENT 
7. PAST PERFECT (QKTD)
S + had + V3ed 
Ex: Last night I went to bed after I dad done my homework.
S + had + not + V3ed
Had + S + V3ed ?
Diễn tả: - Hđộng xảy ra trước 1 mốc TG ở Qk hoặc trước 1 hđ Qk 
Với : ( trước: S+ had +V3ed ; sau: S + V2) 
8. SIMPLE FUTURE (TLĐ)
S + will / shall + V1	
Ex: I’ll buy it tomorrow.
S + will / shall + not + V1
Will / Shall + S + V1?
*Note: will not =won’t ; shall not =shan’t.
Diễn tả: P Hđ sẽ xảy ra trong tlai.
 P Lời yêu cầu (Will you + V1 ? ); Đề nghị ( Shall I / we + V1 ?)
Với: TOMORROW, SOON, NEXT (week, month, )
9. FUTURE PERFECT (TLHT)
S + will / shall + have + V3ed .
 Ex: We’ll have already finished the work by the time you get back tomorrow.
 Diễn tả: P Hđộng sẽ hoàn tất trong tlai.
* Notes:
 1) Near future: (Tlai gần) S + am/ is / are + going to + V1 : sẽ, sắp sửa, dự định 
 Ex: I’m going to buy it tomorrow.
 2)Một số động từ sau đây thường không dùng với thì tiếp diễn
 P Be : Ex: I am a student now.
 P Những động từ chỉ về giác quan: see, hear, feel, look (trông có vẻ), smell, taste, recognize.
 P Những động từ chỉ về cảm xúc: like, dislike love, hate, want wish, desire, refuse, forgive.
Những động từ chỉ về lí trí: understand, know, think, realize, suppose, believe, remember, forget, 	mind, expect, recollect.
Những động từ chỉ sự bắt đầu, tiếp tục, kết thúc: begin, continue, finish 
 LESSON 2:	 PREPOSITIONS ( Giới từ)
A. COMMON PREPOSITION:
I. Prep. Of Place: 
1. IN: ở trong ( 1 nơi/ vùng/ khu vực/ quốc gia/ thành phố/ ) 
Ex: in the room/ Asia/ Britain/ London/ 
 in bed/ newspaper/ magazines/ the world/ 
2. ON: ở trên 
Ex: on the table/ the board/ the floor/ 
 on TV/ the radio/ telephone/ the way/ the street/ horse back/ 
3. AT : ở tại (địa điểm nhỏ). 
Ex: at the desk/ the station/ the airport/ 72 Pham Ngu Lao street .
 at home/ school/ work 
4. FROM : từ (nơi xuất phát). 	Ex: Mr. Mac Donald is from Scotland. 
5. TO: đến (đích) .	Ex: Elizabeth went to the store.
6. BETWEEN : ở giữa (2 người / vật). 	Ex: Mai is sitting between Nam and Nga.
7. AMONG: ở giữa , trong số 	Ex : The letter is somewhere among these papers.
 II. Prep. Of Time
	1. IN: 	1977( 1890, 2008 )	 
	the summer (winter )
 	April (May, August )
 	the morning (afternoon, evening )
 	time: kịp lúc
	an hour - Ex : I will arrive in an hour.
	2. ON :	holiday
	weekend 	
	Monday 
	15, October
	October 15th 1977 
	Monday morning
	Christmas day
 	time : đúng lúc
	fire : đang cháy
	3. AT:	7 o’clock
	night
	midnight
	noon
	(the) weekend
	Christmas
	the end of
	the moment
	4. SINCE (+ mốc TG): kể từ 	Ex: He has studied English since 1900.
	5. FOR (+ 1 khoảng TG) : được 	Ex: _________________ for 17 years
	6. FROM: từ
	7. TO : đến 	Ex: I lived in village from 1977 to 1992.
III. Some Other Prep. :
	1. By : bằng ,bởi. Ex: They can enrich the soil by using fertilizers.
	* by bus/ car/ train/ plane/ 
	2. On foot: đi bộ
	3. For : cho , vì, để (chỉ mục đích) . 	Ex: What would you like for breakfast?
	Ex: Some people read for pleasure.
	4. With : với , bằng. 	Ex: He went with her.
	Ex: I can write better with my own pen.
	5. About : về. 	Ex: What do you think about her?
	6. Of : của.	 Ex: The window of the living room.
B. PREPOSITIONS FOLLOWING ADJECTIVES:
1. Adj + TO : acceptable, accustomed, agreeable, contrary, harmful, important, 	 	kind, likely, lucky, open, pleasant, similar, familiar, helpful, (but: it’s very kind of you.)
2. Adj + IN : interested, rich, successful
3. Adj + OF : afraid, ahead, aware, capable,confident, full, tired, sure, proud
4. Adj + FOR : available, difficult, late, perfect, useful, famous, responsible, sorry (S.O)
5. Adj + FROM : absent, different, safe, far
6. Adj + AT : clever, present, quick, skilful, good, bad, (angry at something/ with someone)
7. Adj + WITH : acquainted, crowed, friendly, popular, busy, bored, pleased, fed up
8. Adj + ABOUT : confused, sad, serious, worried, sorry (S.T)
C. VERB + NOUN ( PHRASE) + PREPOSITION:
1. catch sight of 	: trông thấy
2. give place to 	: nhường chỗ cho
3. give way to : nhượng bộ ,tránh đường cho
4. keep pace with 	: theo kịp, sánh bước
5. lose sight of 	: mất hút, không thấy
6. lose touch with	: mất liên lạc với
7. lose track of : mất dấu vết của
8. make allowance for: chiếu cố đặc biệt
9. make fun of : chế nhạo
10.make a fuss over/ about
	: cuống quýt về việc gì
11. make room for 	: dọn chỗ cho
12. make use of : sử dụng
13. pay attention to : chú ý đến
14. put a stop to : làm dừng lại
15. put an end to : chấm dứt
16. set fire to 	: châm lửa, đốt
17. take account of : chú ý đến
18. take advantage of : lợi dụng
19. take care of : chăm sóc
20. take note of : chú ý đến
21. take notice of : chú ý tới
 D. GO + PREPOSITION:
	1. after: đuổi theo	7. down: giảm giá ¹ up: tăng giá 
	2. ahead: được tiến hành 	 	8. on: tiếp tục
	3. along: tiến triển	 	9. off: nổ
	4. away: ra đi, rời khỏi nơi nào 	 	10. out: tắt
	5. back: trở về 	 	11. over: xem xét kỹ
	6. by: trôi qua( thời gian)
E. CÁC TRƯỜNG HỢP KHÁC
 1. belong to 	: thuộc về
2. on the contrary 	: ngược lại
3. on the whole 	: nói chung
4. be up to = depend on : tuỳ thuộc vào
5. listen to 	: lắng nghe
6. suffer from 	: bị, chịu
7. free from 	: giải phóng khỏi
8. write to 	: viết cho 
9. wait for.. 	: chờ
10. ask for.. 	: hỏi xin
11. look at 	: nhìn
12. look after 	: chăm sóc
13. look up 	: tra từ điển
14. look out 	: nhìn ra ngoài
15. look for 	: tìm kiếm
16. laugh at 	: cười nhạo
17. good at 	: giỏi về cái gì
18. good for 	: tốt cho cái gì
19. prevent from 	: ngăn không cho
20. be in bed 	: nằm trên giường
21. regard as 	: xem như
22. be divided into 	: được chia thành
23. take part in 	: tham gia vào
 LESSON 3:	 WORD FORM
( Từ Loại )
PARTS OF SPEECH:
I. Noun (n)
1) n + V 	: làm S cho V 	 
2) V + n 	: làm O cho V 
	3) prep. + n : làm O cho prep. 
 4) be (là) + n 	: làm C ( C : complement: bổ ngữ) 
 5) adj + n 
	Ex: People can see new film at the cinema.
	S O O
	 He is a scientist.
	C
	* Notes: 
 	 - a, an ,the
 	 - this, that, these, those 
 - some, any, many, 	 + n
 	 - my, your, Tom’s, 
 II. Adjective (adj.):
	1) adj + n
2) adv + adj
3) be (thì, là ), look có vẻ), feel, become, taste (có mùi), smell ( có vị), get, grow,remain, 
 stay, turn, seem, appear, sound, + adj
 	Ex: That young girl is very beautiful.
III. Adverb (adv):
 1) S + Vi + adv	 Ex: They arrived safely.
 2) S + Vt + O + adv	 	 Ex: She did the housework disappointedly.
 3) S + Vaux + adv + Vmain	 Ex: He can surely do it
 4) adv + adj	 Ex: He is reasonably right.
 5) adv + adv 	 Ex: Jack runs very quickly.
 6) S + V + adv	 	 Ex: We have bought it at that store recently.
 	( or: adv + S + V + . )	 (or: Recently we have bought it at that store.)
IV. Verb (v) : V đứng sau S. 
Các hình thức ¹ của V còn được dùng ở nhiều vị trí khác.
 	Participle: Present participle ( Ving)	
	 Past participle ( V3ed)
	1) Used in Continuous tenses ( Ving)
 	2) Used in Perfect tenses & Passive voice (V3ed)
	3) Used as Adj: Ving à Active meaning
	 V3ed à Passive meaning
	Ex: 	a/	The match excites the fans. 
	The match is exciting. 
	The fans are excited.
	b/ 	The children have seen an interesting film. 
	The children are interested in the film.
	B. FORMATION OF N, ADJ, V:
	I. V + suffix à n : V +	-tion, ation	: conservation, preservation, prevention
	-ment	: development
	-er	: fertilizer
	-ing	: poisoning, dirtying
	- age	: drainage
	-0	: safeguard
	II. n + suffix à adj : 
	- ful : harmful, useful, delightful, successful,hopeful, helpful, peaceful
 	- less : childless, odourless, speechless, restless, careless, harmless, treeless 	- ly : 	manly, brotherly, worldly, hourly, yearly, daily.
 	n +	- like : childlike, godlike, lifelike, statesmanlike	 = adj
	- y : 	dusty, snowy,	rainy, sandy, dirty, healthy.
	- ish : 	foolish, selfish, childish
	- al : 	magical, agricultural, industrial, natural.
	III. OUT + Vi à Vt (tốt hơn, nhanh hơn, lâu hơn) :
	 outnumber, outgrow, outlive, outrun, outweigh
	IV. UNDER + n / V à n / V( thấp hơn, bên dưới, kém hơn) : 
	undergrowth,	undercharge
	V. OVER + n/ Adj /V à n/ Adj / V ( quá giới hạn, vượt, quá nhiều) 
	overcoat, overanxious, overact.
	C. WORD FORM CHARTS:
	1. 	satisfy (v)
 	satisfied( past. Part)
	satisfying (pres. part)
	satisfactory (adj) 
	satisfactorily (adv)
	satisfaction (n)
2. 	disappoint(v)
disappointed(past. Part)
disappointing(pres. part)
disappointedly(adv)
disappointment(n)
	3.	 tolerate(v)
	tolerated( past. Part)
	tolerant(adj)
	tolerable(adj)
	tolerably(adv)
	tolerance(n)
4. 	important (adj) 
importance(n)
5. 	difficult(adj)
difficulty(n)
	6. 	determine (v)
	determination (n)
	7. 	tend (v)
	tendency(n)
	8.	 occupy (v)
 	occupied (past. Part)
	occupation(n)
	occupational (adj)
	9. 	potential (adj) / (n)
	10. 	expect(v)
	expected (past. Part)
	expecting(pres. part)
	expectant(adj)
	expectantly(adv)
	expectation(n)
	11. 	prefer(v)
	preferential(adj)
	preferentially(adv)
	preference(n)
12. 	attract(v)
attracted(past. Part)
attractive(adj)
attractively(adv)
attraction(n)
13.	 reason(v)
reasonable(adj)
reasonably(adv)
reason(n)
14. 	absorb(v)
absorbed(past. Part)
absorbent(adj) / (n)
absorptive(adj)
absorption(n)
15.	deafen(v)
deaf(adj) / (n)
deafness(n)
16. 	militarize(v)
militaristic(adj)
military(adj) / (n)
militarily(adv)
militarism(n)
LESSON 4 : ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF TIME
	( Mệnh Đề Trạng Từ Chỉ Thời Gian)
I. PRESENT TENSES IN THE MAIN CLAUSE:
Ex: 1/ a. We always take our umbrellas when it rains.
 b. We are singing as she comes.
	2/ a. I usually read a newspaper while I am waiting for the bus.
	 b. I’m writing while they are talking.
	3./ He goes home after he has finished his work.
	4/ a. She has played the piano since she was five.
 I’ve felt much better since I’ve been here.
	5/ a. She greets me as soon as she sees me.
	 b. He continues his journey as soon as he has finished his meal.
Main Clause 
 (Mđề chính)
Adverbial Clauses of Time 
(Mđề Trạng từ chỉ TG)
1. S + V1 / s / es
 S + AM / IS / ARE + Ving (đang )
WHEN = AS
WHENEVER
S + V1 / s / es
2. S+ V1 / s / es
 S + AM / IS / ARE + Ving(đang )
WHILE =AS
S + AM / IS / ARE + Ving (đang )
3. S+ V1 / s / es
AFTER
S + HAS / HAVE + V3ed
4. S + HAS / HAVE + V3ed
SINCE
S + V2ed® ĐÃ CHẤM DỨT
S + HAS / HAVE + V3ed® Vẫn còn
5. S + V1 / s / es
AS SOON AS
UNTILL = TILL
S + V1 / s / es
S + HAS / HAVE + V3ed® Hoàn tất
II. PAST TENSES IN THE MAIN CLAUSE:
EX: 1/ a. I sat near the window whenever I took a bus.
 b. It was raining hard when I got there.
 2/ a. I met him while I was walking down the street.
 b. I was writing while he was reading.
 3/ He smoked after he had finished his meal.
 4/ He had finished his meal before he smoked.
 5/ a. He left as soon as I told him.
 b. He left as soon as he had finished his work.
Main Clause (Mđề chính)
Adverbial Clauses of Time (Mđề Trạng từ chỉ TG)
1. S + V2
 S + WAS / WERE + Ving (đang )
WHEN = AS
WHENEVER
S + V2
2. S + V2
 S + WAS / WERE + Ving (đang )
WHILE =AS
S + WAS / WERE + Ving (đang )
3. S + V2
AFTER
S + HAD + V3ED
4. S + HAD + V3ED
BY THE TIME
BEFORE
S + V2
5. S + V2
AS SOON AS
UNTILL = TILL
S + V2
S + HAD + V3ED ®Hoàn tất
II. FUTURE TENSES IN THE MAIN CLAUSE:
 EX: 1/ a. We’ ll go when we want. 
 b. I’m goint to wait until you have finished your homework.
 2/ We will have finished the work by the time you get back tomorrow.
Main Clause (Mđề chính)
Adverbial Clauses of Time (Mđề Trạng từ chỉ TG)
1. S + WILL / SHALL + V1
OR: S + AM / IS / ARE GOING TO + V1
WHEN =AS
AS SOON AS
UNTILL = TILL
S + V1 / s / es
S + HAS / HAVE + V3ed®Hoàn tất
2. S + WILL / SHALL + HAVE + V3ed
 ®Hoàn tất
BY THE TIME
BEFORE
S+ V1 / s / es
Note: Không dùng thì Tlai trong Mđề Trạng từ chỉ TG® Dùng các thì Htại thay thế.
LESSON 5 : MAKING & ANSWERING QUESTIONS 
 ( Dựng & Trả Lời Câu Hỏi)
Types
Questions
Answers
Yes - No
Inter. form?
Yes, Spron. + Vpreceding Q.
No, Spron. + Vpreceding Q. + NOT
Or
Inter. form + A or B?
Affir. form + A/B
Wh
Wh + Inter. form?
Affir. form
 Ex: 1. Uncle Ho / die / 1969?
 - Did Uncle Ho die in 1969? à Yes, he did.
 2. Faraday / writer or scientist?
 - Was Faraday a writer or a scientist? à He / Faraday was a scientist.
 3. When / Tom / go / school?
 - When does Tom often go to school? 
à He/Tom often goes to school in the morning.
Notes:
When “Wh” is the Subject or Modifies the Subject 
 ® Affir. form is used in the Q.
 Ex: a/ Who can swim? 
 à Nam can swim.
 b/ How many students are absent today?
 à Two students are absent today.
2. Tag Question: 
 Ex: The weather is nice , isn’t it ? à Yes, it is.
Commands: 
V1 ( Hãy ): List/ Mention/ Name/ Give ® They are / It is 
 Ex: Name some English scientists. 
	 à They / Some E. scientists are Newton, Faraday, 
 LESSON 6: ACTIVE or PASSIVE VOICE
( Chủ Động và Thụ Động Cách)
A: S + V + O
P: S + BE + V3ed + by O
 (chia thì theo động từ của câu Active)
 (A : Active P : Passive)
Ex: 1/ A: Tom eats apples every day.
 P: Apples are eaten by Tom every day.
 2/ A: They saw him in the shop.
 P: He was seen in the shop ( by them )
ACTIVE
PASSIVE
V1 / Vs/es 
 V2ed 
Am/ is /are
Was / were 
+ V3ed
+ V3ed
Am/ is /are
 + Ving
Was / were 
Am/ is /are 
 + being 
Was / were 
Has / have
 + V3ed
 Had 
Has / have 
 + been 
Had 
Will (would)
Shall (should)
Can(could)
May (might)
Must + V1
Be going to
Be able to
Have to
Ought to
Used to
Will (would)
Shall (should)
Can(could)
May (might)
Must + be 
Be going to
Be able to
Have to
Ought to
Used to
Notes: 
A: S + V + OI + OD
P: S + BE + V3ed + OD + by + O
OR:( S + BE + V3ED + for/ to + OI + by + O)
1/
Ex: A: Lan gave Mary some books.
 OI OD
 P: Mary was given some books by Lan.
 OR:(Some books were given to Mary by Lan.)
2/ 
A: S + Ví + (THAT) + S + V .
P: S + BE + V3ed + TO + V1
OR: IT + BE + V3ed + by + O + (THAT) S + V
 Ví: SAY 	KNOW 	THINK 
 BELIEVE 	REPORT 	 	RUMOUR 
 TELL CLAIM	 PROVE 
 CONSIDER 
 Ex : A : They say that they has been ill.
 P : He is said to have been ill. (or : It is said that he has been ill.)
LESSON 7: CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
( Câu Điều Kiện)
Types and Use
(Loại và Cách dùng )
If Clause ( Mđề IF)
Main Clause ( Mđề chính)
1. Future Possible 
® ĐK có thể xảy ra ở HT&TL
 V1 /s /es
IF + S + do /does +not + V1
 *BE: am, is ,are
 will 
S + shall + V1
 can 
 may
2. Present Unreal:
® ĐK không thể xảy ra ở HT&TL
 V2ed
IF + S + did not + V1 
 *BE: were 
 would
S+ should + V1
 could 
 might
3. Past Unreal:
® ĐK không thể xảy ra ở QK.
IF + S + had + V3ed 
 would
S+ should + have + V3ed 
 could 
 might
Ex: 1. If it is fine, we will go.
 2. I’d fly everywhere if I were a bird.
 3. If you had met the president yesterday, what would you have done?
ä Sentence Transformation:
A/ UNLESS = IF NOT
If + Neg. form
= Unless + Affir. form
 am /is/ are not
 do /does not + V1 
If + S + did not+V1 
 were not
 had not+ V3ed 
 am /is/ are
 V1/s /es
= UNLESS + S + V2ed 
 were 
 had + V3ed 
 Ex: If you didn’t study hard, you’d get bad marks.
 = Unless you studied hard, you’d get bad marks.
Note: Nếu câu với Mđề IF Kđịnh, Mđề chính ở thể Pûđịnh , ta có thể chuyển sang 
 UNLESS = cách đổi Mđề chính thành thể Kđịnh.
 Ex: If you are lazy, you can’t be successful 
 = Unless you are lazy, you can be successful.
B/ CÁCH VIẾT CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN TỪ TÌNH HUỐNG
T. HUỐNG CHO: 1.Có từ “OR” : viết đk loại 1
 2. H.tại : loại 2
 	 3.Q. khưÙ : loại 3
 4.Có từ “SO”: viết xuôi S + V SO S + V
 è IF + S + V , S + V
 5.Có từ “BECAUSE”: viết ngược
	 S + V because S +V
 è IF + S + V , S + V
 6. Phủ định viết khẳng định & ngược lại
Examples: 1. I am not clever, so I won’t be a doctor.
 èIf I were clever, I would be a doctor.
 2. John was sick because he ate much cake.
 èIf John hadn’t eaten much cake, he’d not have been sick.
Trường hợp khác :
1.
 S+ can /will+ V1 but S + must/ have to +V1
 IF + S + V1/Vs,es , S + can/ will + V1 ( Đk 1)
Ex: I’ll let you borrow the book but you must promise to return it next week.
 è If you promise to return the book next week, I’ll let you borrow it.
2. 
 V 1 or S + will /can +V1 
è S + will/ can + V1 unless you + V1 
Ex: Work hard or you’ll fail the exam.
 è You’ll fail the exam unless you work hard.
 LESSON 8 : UNREAL WISHES 
 ( Ước Muốn Không Thể Xảy Ra)
 could + V1 : Tình huống Htại / Tlai , trái với khả năng
S + wish + (that) would / should + V1 : Tình huống Tlai
 + S + V2 / were; didn’t+ V1 / weren’t : Tình huống Htại 
 If only hadn’t + V3 : Tình huống Qkhứ
Ex: a) I wish I (can fly) could fly.
 b) We wish it (be) would be sunny soon.
 c) If only we (see) saw a UFO now.
 d) He wishes he (meet) had met her yesterday.
ä Sentence Transformation:
 S+ be sorry
 What a pity + ( that) S + V
 It is a pity
 S + regret + Ving / S + V
 S + do / does not like + Ving / to v1
è S + wish + ( that ) + S + V×
 a. 
×Note: 
Thêm S ( nếu thiếu)
Kđịnh ² Pđịnh ( và ngược lại)
Htại ² Qkhứ; 
Qkhứ ² Qkhứ hoàn thành
 Ex: I’m sorry that I didn’t come yesterday.
 ² I wish ( that) I had come yesterday.
 Ex: Mr. Taylor doesn’t like living in a small house.
 ² Mr. Taylor wishes he didn’t live in a small house.
 S + would like / would love + to V1 / to have + V3ed
 à S+ wish + ( that) S + V2 / S + had + V3ed
 b. 
 Ex: I’d like to have met her.
 ² I wish I had met her.
 LESSON 9: GERUND AND INFINITIVE
 ( Danh Động Từ & Động Từ Nguyên Mẫu)
GERUND (Ving) : đóng vai trò V & N cùng một lúc.
 Vai trò: 
S ( Ex: Learning English is easily.)
O - Sau prep. (Ex: We are interested in studying English.)
 - Sau một số V (Ex: I enjoy swimming.)
 3. C (Ex: Conservation is the safeguarding and the preservation of natural 
 resources.)
 Notes: The + Ving + of + n ( Ex: The reclaiming of land.)
GERUND OR INFINITIVE :
Các động từ được theo sau bằng động từ nguyên mẫu ( To+V1)
Theo qui luật thông thường, động từ nào đúng sau một động từ khác thì phải ở dạng 
nguyên mẫu (TO +V1)
 Ex: a) I would like to speak to Mr. Duran.
 b) Mary asked John to help her.
 c) My brother wants to become a pharmacist.
 d) Every body is expecting her to come.
II. Các động từ & cụm từ được theo sau bằng Ving :
acknowledge
admit
appreciate
avoid
celebrate
consider
delay =postpone
deny
detest
discontinue
discuss
dislike
endure
enjoy
escape
explain
fancy = imagine
feel like
finish
forgive
include
involve
justify
keep(continue)
mention
mind
miss
practise
prevent
prohibit
propose
quit
recall
report
resent
resist
risk
suggest
support
tolerate
understand
be accustomed to = be used to
be busy
be worth
can’t help
can’t stand
get used to = become accustomed to
look forward to
it’s no good
it’s no use
III. Các động từ được theo sau bằng Ving / To V1 nhưng không dổi nghĩa:
continue 5. begin
dread 	6. hate
like 	7. love
prefer 	8. start
Ex: She started to learn English when she was 5 years old.
 « She started learning English when she was 5 years old.
IV. Các động từ được theo sau bằng Ving / To V1 nhưng dổi nghĩa:
1. FORGET, REGET, 	 To V1 : sẽ xảy ra ( Tlai) 
 	+ 
 REMEMBER 	 Ving : đãõ xảy ra ( Qkhứ) 
Ex: 	a) Remember to sent John a present. Today is his birthday.
	b) I remember meeting you somewhere before but I’m sorry I forget 
 your name.
 2. TRY + To V1 : cố gắng làm. 
 Ving : thử làm. 
Ex: a) She tries to pass the entrance exam to the college. 
 b) Try knocking at the back door if nobody hears you at the front door.
 3. STOP + To V1 : dừng lại để làm việc gì khác. 
 Ving : dừng lại không làm việc gì (đang làm) nữa.
Ex: a) Feeling sleepy, the driver stopped to drink a coffee
 b) That old man tried to stop smoking because of his bad cough. 
 4. NEED + To V1 : cần phải làm ( ý chủ động). 
 Ving : cần phải được làm ( ý bị động). 
 Ex: a) Tom needs to work harder. 
 b) The grass in front of the house needs cutting. 
V. Một số trường hợp khác: 
 1. ADVISE To V1 Ex: The police allow us to go there
 ALLOW + 	
 PERMIT 
 RECOMMEND V ing Ex: The police allow going there. 
 2. FEEL 
 HEAR + Vo / Ving ( đang) Ex: We saw David jog
 SEE jogging in the park.
 WATCH
 HELP
 3. MAKE + O + V1 Ex: Please let me go.
 LET 
 NOTICE
 BID
4. WOULD RATHER + V1 Ex: I’d rather drink tea than coffee.
 HAD BETTER ( not ) You’d better not go out.
LESSON10 : CLAUSES & PHRASES 
	OF CAUSES & EFFECTS
(Mệnh Đề Và Cụm Từ Chỉ Nguyên Nhân Và Kết Quả)
S + be / Vord + SO + adj / adv + THAT + S + V 
 ( quá đến nổi )
1. 
Ex: The tea is so hot that I can’t drink it.
 He drove so badly that he couldn’t pass the driving test.
S + V + SUCH + (a/ an) + adj + n + THAT + S + V 
 ( quá đến nổi ) 
2. 
Ex: It is such hot tea that I can’t drink.
 He was such a bad driver that he couldn’t pass the driving test. 
3.
S + be / V ord + TOO + adj/adv + (for +O) + TO + V1 (+ O)*
 ( quá.. nên không thể )
 * Bỏ ‘for O’ khi O này = S hoặc chỉ chung chung.
 * Bỏ O của ‘to V’ khi O này = S
 Ex: The tea is too hot for me to drink.
 He drove too badly to pass the driving test.
4/
 be +adj 
S + ________ + enough + (for +O) + To V1 ( + O )
 V ord + adv
 (đủ để )
 Ex: The tea is not warm enough for me to drink.
 He didn’t drive well enough to pass the driving test.
ä Sentence Transformation:
a/
 S(n) + be + SO + adj + THAT 
 It /This /That
« + be + SUCH + (a/ an) +adj + n + THAT 
 He/ She/ They
 Ex: The tea is so hot that I can’t drink it.
 « It is such hot tea that I can’t drink it.
b/ 
 S + Vord + SO + adv + THAT 
« S + be + SUCH + (a/an) + adj + n + THAT 
 Ex: He drove so badly that he couldn’t pass the driving test.
 « He was such a bad driver that __________________________.
c/
S + V + SO + adj / adv + THAT + S + V + (O )*
S + V + TOO + adj/adv + (for +O) + TO + V1 (+ O)*
 * Bỏ ‘for O’ khi O này = S hoặc chỉ chung chung.
 * Bỏ O của ‘To V’ khi O này = S
Ex: a) The tea is so hot that I can’t drink. 
 « The tea is too hot for me to drink.
 b) He drove so badly that he couldn’t pass the driving test. 
 « He drove too badly to pass the driving test.
d/
 TOO + adj / adv 
 ¹
« NOT + adj /adv + ENOUGH 
 Ex: The tea is too hot for me to drink.
 « The tea is not warm enough for me to drink.
LESSON 11 : RELATIVE CLAUSES
( Mệnh Đề Quan Hệ)
Relative Pronouns & Adverbs:
 Functions
Antecedents
Subject
Object
Poss.
Adv
Things
Which
Which
Whose + n
(of which)
People
Who
Whom
Whose + n 
Place
Where
Time
When
Reason
Why 
 Notes: *Where = prep + nplace
 *When = prep + ntime
 *Why = for + the reason
 *‘THAT’ thay thế cho “WHO, WHOM, WHICH” trong mệnh đề có giới 
 hạn (không đứng sau dấu phẩy, prep).
 *Dùng 1 hoặc 2 dấu phẩy tách mệnh đề quan hệ ra khỏi mệnh đề chính
 khi tiền danh từ là: 
 - Danh từ riêng 
 - Danh từ được bổ nghĩa = THIS, THAT, THESE, THOSE
 - Danh từ được bổ nghĩa = sở hữu (MY, YOUR, ,TOM’S HOUSE, )
 - Danh từ được bổ nghĩa = 1 nhóm từ ( EX: The man from Hanoi, )
 Ex: They wanted to see my manager, who was away.
Relative Clauses:
 Rel. Cl.
Ant.
Relative clause
Relative pronoun / adverb
The other parts
Things
+ which / that
+ V ( + O)
+ S + V
People
+ who / that
+ whom /that
+ V( + O)
+ S + V
People/ things
+ whose
 V ( + O)
+ n + 
 S + V
Place
Time
Reason
+ where
+ when
+ why
 + S + V (+ O)
Ex: a/ Could you iron the trousers? They’re hanging up behind the door.
 « Could you iron the trousers which/that are hanging up behind the door?
 b/ She showed me the radio. She had bought it
 « She showed me the radio which/ that She had bought.
 c/ I don’t like the people. People lose their temper easily.
 « I don’t like the people who /that lose their temper easily.
 d/ The man works here. I saw him yesterday.
 « The man whom/ that I saw yesterday works here.
 e/ The house is very large. Its door is green.
 « The house whose door is green is very large.
 f/ Have you seen the girl? I’m keeping her bicycle.
 « Have you seen the girl whose bicycle I’m keeping?
 g/ Vietnam is beautiful. We live in vietnam.
 «Vietnam, where we live, is beautiful.
 LESSON 12: REPORTED SPEECH
(Câu Tường Thuật)
1.Mệnh Lệnh &ø Yêu Cầu: V1 Hãy – Mệnh lệnh khẳng định
 Don’t + V1 Đừng - Mệnh lệnh phủ định
 TOLD
S + + O + 
 ASKED 
To + V1 (MLKĐ)
 Ex: He said to us, “ Keep silent here, please.”
 « He told us to keep silent there.
Not to + V1 (MLPĐ)
Ex: “Don’t laugh at me” said Mary.
 « Mary asked me not to laugh at her.
2. Phát biểu: S + V (chia rồi) 
 TOLD + O 
S + (THAT) + S +V (lùi thì)
 SAID
Ex1: They said to us, “These are snakes.”
 « They told us (that) those were snakes.
Ex2 : “I came at 8 o’clock,” he said.
 « He said (that) he had come at 8 o’clock.
3. Câu hỏi:
 	a/ WH_ Questions: “WH + V + S ?”
	b/ YES _ NO Questions: “ V + S ?”
 asked + (O)
S + wanted to know
 wondered
+ WH
S + V (lùi thì)
+ IF / WHETHER
 Ex1: The stranger said, “ Where is Tra Vinh town school?”
 « The stranger asked where Tra Vinh town school was.
 Ex2: “ Did you see him?” she said to me.
 « She asked me if / whether I had seen him.
 Notes: 
	 	1. Change of Adverbs of Time & Place:
Direct speech
Reported speech
Direct speech
Reported speech
1. here
1. there
6. tonight
6. that night
2. this
2. that
7. yesterday
7. the previous day, the day before
3. these
3. those
8. ago
8. before
4. now
4. then
9. tomorrow
9. the following day, the next day
5. today
5. that day
10. next (week .)
10. the following (week )
 2. Change of Pronoun & Poss. Adj:
Per.
Subj.
Obj.
Poss. Adj.
Poss. Pro.
1
I
Me
My
Mine
We
Us
Our
Ours
2
You
You
Your
Yours
3
They
Them
Their
Theirs
3
He
Him
His
His
She
Her
Her
Hers
It
It
Its
its
 S + V + O, “ person 1 person 2”
 (chúng) tôi (các)bạn
Changes of Tenses:
Direct Speech
Reported Speech
Notes:
1/ Khi từ ‘WH’ làm S hoặc bổ nghĩa cho Sè O đổi thể.
 Ex: “Who has broken this vase?” said my father.
 « My father asked who had b