Kiểm tra 1 tiết lần 1 học kì 1 - Môn Tiếng Anh 10

BAC KAN HIGH SCHOOL
Full name : class: .
TEST FOR 45 MINUTES – ENGLISH 10 NEW
No 1 – 2018 - 2019
PHONETICS 
Choose the word whose underlined part is pronounced differently from the others.
1. A. approach	B. children	C. chocolate	D. stomach
Choose the word whose stress part is different from the rest.
2. A. breadwinner	B. acupuncture	C. disease	D. allergy
USE OF LANGUAGE 
 Choose the best answer for each of the following sentences.
3. Be quiet! Someone _____ at the front door. I ______ it.
 A. has knocked / am going to answer	 B. is knocking / will answer
 C. knocks / am answering	D. is knocking / answer
4. After eating dinner, I have to do the ____ and then do my homework every day.
 A. washing – up	 B. wash - up	 C. washing – ups	D. washings - up
5. These flowers are fresh. They ____ from the garden.
 A. have just been picked	 	C. have been picked just 
 B. have been just picked	 	 D. just have been picked
6. My mother and I often go to the supermarket to shop for _____ at weekends.
 A. cook	 B. groceries 	 C. heavy lifting	D. the chores
7. My boyfriend intends to have a part - time job. He ______ in a restaurant in the summer.
 A. will work	B. is going to work	C. works	D. shall work
9. Everyone in my family has to do the share of ______ because my parents go out to work.
 A. household chores	B. happiness C. responsibility D. employment
10. If people breathe in deeply, their ____ can expand to twice their normal size.
 A. hearts	B. kidneys	C. lungs	D. stomachs
11. Acupuncture can treat from simple to complicated ailments.
 A. diseases	B. acupoints	C. points	 D. treatments
12. Food is broken down and converted into energy in the ____ system.
 A. circulatory	B. skeletal	C. digestive	D. respiratory
13. Our parents needn’t ask us ______________our rooms. We do it every day.
A. tidy up	B. to tidy up	 C. tidying up	D. tidy
14. She was a pianist with potential, ____ her parents persuade her to complete her secondary school.
and	B. or	 C. but	 D. so
Find the mistake in each sentence.
15. The workshop is so interesting that we aren’t wanting to leave now.
 A B C D
16. Jane advised Andrew look for a new job
 A B C D
Give the correct word form of the words in brackets.
17. Be _______________ (care) not to wake the baby. 
18. I have __________________ (responsible) for clearing up the room after the class. 
READING 
Read the passage carefully and then choose the best option (A, B, C or D) to each question.
Lora: I might retire early. I don’t know. I’m 55 and my husband retired last year. He spends most of his time in the garden. I’d really like to be there with him though I am not quite fond of the tasks. I’m definitely going to learn a new language. I hate going abroad and speaking English.
Cass: I’m only 26, so I’m not going to retire soon! In fact I want to have more chances to earn our living. Jaime and I are going to have a baby next year and we’re really excited about that. We want to have a big family and live in a big house. Then, when I retire, my children and grandchildren will all be able to stay.
Sue: Well, Roger and I don’t agree about retiring. I love work and I don’t want to retire! I know I won’t have anything to do.	
Roger: I asked my boss at work recently and I might be able to retire next year. I might buy a house in France and spend the time that my family deserved to have with me long before. I’d love to have my first long-awaited visit to Paris with my wife one day.
Linda: I want to retire as soon as possible. I have three sons and now I don’t even have time to play with them. They will become mature very soon and don’t want to spend quality time with me. I can’t stand the thought.
19. The reason Lora looks forward to her retirement is because _____.
 A. her husband has already retired 	B. she likes doing gardening
 C. she hates travelling abroad	D. she likes to learn English
20. Which of the following is NOT true about Cass?
 A. His baby is born the following year	B. He wants his family to live in a big house.
 C. He wants to retire soon	D. He wants to earn more money
21. Who does NOT want to retire shortly?
 A. Linda	B. Sue	C. Roger	D. Lora
22. Roger _____.
 A. has spent enough time with his family already	B. will ask his boss for retirement next year
 C. has never been to Paris before	D. doesn’t want to go to Paris
23. The word “mature” in the passage is closest in meaning to ____.
 A. old	B. grown - up	C. childish	D. young
Read the passage below and choose the best answer (A, B, C or D) to each gap.
	One of the best things you can do for your body is exercise. But how (24) ____ is enough? Some people think that doing simple things like cleaning the house is helpful. Other people do heavy exercises every day, (25) ___ instance, running or swimming. One thing experts do agree on is that (26) ___ kind of exercise is good for you. 
	Along with exercise, having a healthy diet can help promote good health. Foods like vegetables and fruit should (27) ___ several times each day. It is also important to eat foods high in fiber such as beans, grains, fruit and vegetables. Fibers helps your body to (28) ___ the food you eat. It also helps your body in other ways such as decreasing the chance of getting some cancers, hearts disease and diabetes.
24. A. far	B. many	C. more	D. much
25. A. by	B. for	C. in	D. with
26. A. all	B. any	C. both	D. some
27. A. eat	B. eating	C. been eaten	D. be eaten	
28. A. consume	B. digest	C. pump	D. spoil
WRITING 
Rewrite the sentences without changing their meaning.
29. A temporary manager is running the shop at the moment. 
 The shop ______________________________________________________________________. 
30. He has Mr. Hung explain the lesson again.
 He has ________________________________________________________________________. 
LISTENING. 1. Listen and circle the correct answer.
1. What does the woman want?
A. new headphones
B. an aisle seat
C. a seat in non-smoking
2. What’s wrong with the dress?
A. It’s just right.
B. It’s the wrong style.
C. It’s the wrong color.
3. What option does the clerk suggest to the customer?
A. taking a bigger car
B. renting the car for an extra day
C. joining the car rental club
4. What are the boys going to have?
A. a surprise party
B. a snack
C. a buffet
5. What’s the invitation for?
A. to go to a movie
B. to come to dinner
C. to rent a video 
2. Listen and fill the gaps to complete the sentences below.
1. Susan spends more time on show.
2. The music makes their work and study more ...
3 . was fantastic and special competition.
4. In this contest, the coaches choose each team of fourteen outstanding . only via listening.
5. The contestant attracted her most by his special . as well as his incredible although his look wasn’t his strength
	-------------The end-------------
BAC KAN HIGH SCHOOL
Full name : class: .
TEST FOR 45 MINUTES - ENGLISH
No 1 – 2018 - 2019
PHONETICS 
Choose the word whose underlined part is pronounced differently from the others.
1. A. accident	B. prevent	C. attachment	D. encouragement
Choose the word whose stress part is different from the rest.
2. A. dedicate	B. athletic	C. activity	 	D. community
USE OF LANGUAGE 
 Choose the best answer for each of the following sentences.
3. He decided__________the meeting yesterday.
A. to hold 	B. to held C. held D. holding
4. After their massive success in 2004 with Megalith, their record company has released this CD hoping for another big ________.
A. hit
B. leap
C. step
D. win
5. Up to now, fourteen books__________by Jane, a friend of mine
A. have been written	B. will be written	C. are written	D. were written
6. My wife is going on her business next week so I have to 	most of the chores around the house.
A. distribute	B. handle	C. hold	D. make
7. Mr. Hoang found it difficult to be in charge of the household 	.
A. financial	B. financier	C. financially	D. finances
8. Why do you need so much sugar? – I 	a cake.
A. will make	B. will be making	C. am going to make	D. makes
9. The place that food is first stored in the body is the__________.
 A. stomach	B. heart	C. lung	 	D. intestine
10. Acupuncture originated in China and has been used as a traditional medicine for thousands of years.
 A. rooted	B. created	C. developed	D. introduced
11. She’s busy right now. She _______ dinner.
 A. is preparing	B. prepares	C. has prepared	D. was preparing
12. The controller of the body is the _______ system. Led by the brain and nerves, it allows us to move, talk and feel emotions.
 A. circulatory 	B. digestive 	C. nervous 	D. respiratory 
13. The football match was wonderful at the beginning __________ , it was awful at the end.
 A. but	B. and	C. or	D. so
14. We need to recognize that when people adore a job, they are passionate_________ it and they are likely to work successful with it.
A. of 	B. for	C. with	D. about
Find the mistake in each sentence.
15. People say that this house has been built by an old man 12 years ago.
 A B	 C	 D
16. Ms. Hang likes wearing casual clothes, but today she wears “ao dai”.
 A B	 C	 D
Give the correct word form of the words in brackets.
17. The __________________ have to get over that challenge to win in this contest. (contest)
18. Is Vietnam Idol an ________________ program or a franchised one? (origin) 
READING 
Read the passage carefully and then choose the best option (A, B, C or D) to each question.
 ‘The best age to start learning the violin is between three and six,' says Margaret Porter, a violinist and music teacher. 'It's the time when you are learning about the world.' Margaret, who lives in London, prefers to take pupils at three and four, although she has made lots of exceptions for keen five-year olds. When she started teaching the violin in 1972, her first class consisted of her children's five-year-old school friends. 
 Magaret's pupils have group lessons. Each group has about a dozen pupils and each lesson lasts an hour, once a fortnight. In addition, each pupil has one individual lesson a week with her. Parents also have to attend the classes. It is important that the parents take an active interest in the lessons. 
 From the earliest lessons pupils learn to play by ear. They do not even try to read music until they have been playing for several years, and for a long time there is a big difference between their playing and reading of music. Margaret says that her method is not supposed to produce great violinists, and always suggests that pupils who perform particularly well should leave and study the violin using more traditional methods.
19. When did Margaret Porter start teaching the violin? 
A. at the age of 36 
B. in 1972 
C. in 1927 
D. at the age of 34
20. What is the writer trying to do in the text? 
A. explain why Margaret likes teaching the violin 
B. describe a different way of learning the violin
C. give advice on how to find a music teacher 
D. explain why Margaret has a lot of pupils
21. What opinion does Margaret have about her best pupils? 
A. They ought to find another teacher. 
B. They will become great violinists using her method.
C. They could try harder. 
D. They take several years to learn to read music.
22. The word "They" in the line 8 refers to................ 
A. friends 
B. violinists 
C. pupils
D. parents
23. Why should someone read the text ?
A. to discover how Margaret learnt the violin 
B. to learn why it is important to read music
C. to find out about Margaret’s teaching method 
D. to learn why children should play violin.
Read the passage below and choose the best answer (A, B, C or D) to each gap.
Years ago, (24) ____________ the lack of good medical care, diseases were the most terrible threat to the early people. Of course, they had no pills, tablets or capsules (25)__________ we do today. They used to eat herbs or tree bark to (26)__________ many diseases. They also knew that food had great effect on their health. Actually the medicines that we take today are mostly extracted from herbs, tree bark, plants and food. For example, in the 17 th century, the Peruvian Indians ate cinchona bark when they had fever. They learned this from (27)_________ only. Until 1816, some pharmacists extracted quinine from the cinchona bark. It is used in the treatment of malaria, a disease transmitted by the anopheles mosquito and common in the tropical countries. Quinine is also used to help cure other diseases. (28)_________, if a child uses quinine for a long time, he or she will have rickets.
24.	A. because of	B. thanks to	C. because	D. although
25.	A. like	B. as	C. alike	D. until
26.	A. killed	B. treatment	C. prohibit	D. cure
27.	A. thinking	B. experient	C. experience	D. understanding
28.	A. However	B. So	C. In addition	D. But for
WRITING: Rewrite the sentences without changing their meaning.
29. The waiter brought him a glass of orange juice 
 A glass of orange juice____________________________________________________________. 
30. They made him clean the room yesterday.
 He was ________________________________________________________________________.
LISTENING. 1. Listen and circle the correct answer.
1. What does the woman want?
A. new headphones
B. an aisle seat
C. a seat in non-smoking
2. What’s wrong with the dress?
A. It’s just right.
B. It’s the wrong style.
C. It’s the wrong color.
3. What option does the clerk suggest to the customer?
A. taking a bigger car
B. renting the car for an extra day
C. joining the car rental club
4. What are the boys going to have?
A. a surprise party
B. a snack
C. a buffet
5. What’s the invitation for?
A. to go to a movie
B. to come to dinner
C. to rent a video 
2. Listen and fill the gaps to complete the sentences below.
1. Susan spends more time on show.
2. The music makes their work and study more ...
3 . was fantastic and special competition.
4. In this contest, the coaches choose each team of fourteen outstanding . only via listening.
5. The contestant attracted her most by his special . as well as his incredible although his look wasn’t his strength
	-------------The end-------------
BAC KAN HIGH SCHOOL
Full name : class: .
TEST FOR 45 MINUTES - ENGLISH
No 1 – 2018 - 2019
PHONETICS 
Choose the word whose underlined part is pronounced differently from the others.
1. A. bread	B. lead	C. cream	B. please
Choose the word whose stress part is different from the rest.
2. A. homemaker	B. generation	C. destination	D. possibility
USE OF LANGUAGE 
 Choose the best answer for each of the following sentences.
3. Nobody can force the teen singer __________ anything that her mother does not agree with.
A. does	B. do	C. doing	D. to do
4. _______ is a person who manages the home and often raises children
 A. housewife	B. breadwinner	C. homemaker	D. husband
5. These flowers are fresh. They ________ from the garden.
 A. have just been picked	B. have been just picked	
 C. have been picked just 	 D. just have been picked
6. This season is very exciting. Millions of viewers have watched it since it first ____. 
A. aired	B. played	C. eliminated	D. innovated
7. Mr. Hoang found it difficult to be in charge of the household 	.
A. financial	B. financier	C. financially	D. finances
8. As planned, we _______ drive from our city to the sea.
 A. will	B. are going to	C. can	D. are going
9. The place that food is first stored in the body is the__________.
 A. stomach	B. heart	C. lung	 	D. intestine
10.The artist quickly became famous when her debut album gain Top 40 in a short time
first	B. second-hand 	C. talented 	D.home-made
11. I think staying _______ late is not good since it makes us feel tired the next morning
 A. on B. in C. for D. up
12. _______ system of the body lets us break down the food we eat and turn it into energy.
 A. Circulatory 	B. Digestive 	C. Nervous 	D. Respiratory
13.The concert was exciting at the beginning, ___________ it became boring at the end.
so	B. for	C. and	D. but
14. I am afraid he can’t go out with you right now. He _______ his car.
 A. repair 	B. repairs	C. repaired 	D. is repairing 
Find the mistake in each sentence.
15. Be quiet! My baby sleeps. Don’t wake her up.
 A 	 B	 C	 D
16. Mommy, someone are calling me from unknown number. I won’t answer it.
	 A	 B	 C	 D
Give the correct word form of the words in brackets.
17. His important ______________________ is to invent the instrumental ballade. (achieve)
18. He was ______________about this film as the main character motivated him to be more confident. (excite)
READING 
Read the passage carefully and then choose the best option (A, B, C or D) to each question.
	You've probably heard the expression ‘Laughter is the best medicine'. Well, scientists and medical doctors now agree that laughter can help people deal with stress and anger. Research has also shown that people who feel happy and relaxed are healthier and have better relationships. Laughter yoga is a series of exercises which teaches you to laugh for no reason. You don't need to have a sense of humour, or understand funny jokes. You just have to laugh. When you do laughter yoga in a group, you laugh and do yoga breathing, so that you increase the amount of oxygen in your body. Soon the laughter exercises turn into real laughter. After a laughter yoga class, you feel calm and relaxed, but also happy and full of energy. Laughter yoga was developed by a medical doctor from India, Dr Madan Kataria. He started the first laughter yoga classes in a park in Mumbai in 1995 with just five people, and now there are over six thousand laughter clubs in sixty different countries. 
	Companies who have run laughter yoga workshops find that they have advantages for both employers and employees. People who are happy at work are more hard working and make more money for the company. Also, people who can laugh together, communicate more successfully. In general, people do better at work when they feel happy and relaxed. 
19. What is the writer's main aim in writing the text?
A. To introduce laughter yoga	B. To confirm that laughter is the best medicine
C. To investigate the feeling of people 	D. To advise people not to laugh too much 
20. What do people do in the laughter yoga class?
A. Join outdoor activities for charity	B. Tell funny jokes and laugh 
C. Do exercise for strictly medical purpose 	D. Laugh and do yoga breathing 
21. According to research, which statement below is right?
A. Laughter makes people look younger. 	 B. Laughter can improve people's health. 
C. People will feel angry without laughter yoga. D. People who don't laugh cannot build relationships. 
22. Today, laughter yoga _______
A. is popular only among young people.	B. has spread to different countries all over the world. 
C. is still popular only in India.	D. has become a favourite pastime of many company directors. 
23. According to the text, what are benefits of laughter yoga?
A. Feel calm and relaxed 	B. Feel happy and full of energy 
C. Work and communicate more successfully 	D. All are correct 
Read the passage below and choose the best answer (A, B, C or D) to each gap.
 There are certain things in life which you have to do whether you like it or not. One of such things is household (24)______. It is what someone in the family has to do every day in spite of his or her wish and desire. You can hardly find a person (25)______ doesn't like comfort, delicious food, clean and tidy clothes. But these things need somebody's attention and doing them. It’s called housework.
 In my opinion it is not a bad idea to (26)_______ household duties. If every (27)______ of the family does his bit about the housework, it isn't difficult or boring and proves the proverb: "Many hands make light work". For example, the children should keep their own rooms (28)______, make their beds, lay the table for meals, clear away the dishes and wash up. The mother could then concentrate on the more specialized jobs of cooking, ironing, mending, and shopping. The father should do more difficult physical work. This is an ideal variant for me how to keep house.
24. A. responsibilities	B. chores	C. groceries	D. laundries
25. A. who	B. whom	C. which	D. where
26. A. keep	B. do	C. make	D. share
27. A. son	B. daughter	C. member	D. parent
28. A. tidy	B. mess	C. dirty	D. disorder
WRITING: Rewrite the sentences without changing their meaning.
29. People keep the needles in acupoints for about twenty minutes.
 The needles____________________________________________________________________
30. They saw the boy steal things in the shop.
 The boy was ______________________________________________________________________.
LISTENING. 1. Listen and circle the correct answer.
1. What does the woman want?
A. new headphones
B. an aisle seat
C. a seat in non-smoking
2. What’s wrong with the dress?
A. It’s just right.
B. It’s the wrong style.
C. It’s the wrong color.
3. What option does the clerk suggest to the customer?
A. taking a bigger car
B. renting the car for an extra day
C. joining the car rental club
4. What are the boys going to have?
A. a surprise party
B. a snack
C. a buffet
5. What’s the invitation for?
A. to go to a movie
B. to come to dinner
C. to rent a video 
2. Listen and fill the gaps to complete the sentences below.
1. Susan spends more time on show.
2. The music makes their work and study more ...
3 . was fantastic and special competition.
4. In this contest, the coaches choose each team of fourteen outstanding . only via listening.
5. The contestant attracted her most by his special . as well as his incredible although his look wasn’t his strength
	-------------The end-------------
BAC KAN HIGH SCHOOL
Full name : class: .
TEST FOR 45 MINUTES - ENGLISH
No 1 – 2018 - 2019
PHONETICS 
Choose the word whose underlined part is pronounced differently from the others.
1. A. generation	B. grateful	C. educate	D. grandparents
Choose the word whose stress part is different from the rest.
2. A. medicine	B. precaution	C. breadwinner	D. homemaker
USE OF LANGUAGE 
 Choose the best answer for each of the following sentences.
3. You should feel happy because your mum and dad always encourage you __________ hard
A. work
B. to work
C. worked
D. working
4. _______ is a person who manages the home and often raises children
 A. housewife	B. breadwinner	C. homemaker	D. husband
5. The injured _________to the hospital in an ambulance.
A. have taken	B. was taking 	C. were taken	D. were taking
6. After their massive success in 2004 with Megalith, their record company has released this CD hoping for another big ________.
A. hit
B. leap
C. step
D. win
7. Ailments are caused by a/an _____________ of yin and yang.
	A. abnormal	B. imbalance	C. unequal	D. unfairness
8. I ______________ my parents at the weekend. I already bought a train ticket.
A. visit 	B. am going to visit 	C. visited 	D. will visit
9. Today, a lot of young people prefer to live in ________ families which consist of parents and children.
 A. nuclear	B. extended	C. large 	D. crowded
10. This will be a hopeful season of this entertainment format to air in the near future.The underlined word has the closest meaning to:
 A. breathe out
B. breathe in
C. broadcast
D. inhale
 11. I ______ Texas State University now.
	 A. am attending	B. attend	C. was attending	D. attended
12. The heart and blood vessels are parts of the	__________ system.
 A. certain 	B. circle 	C. circulatory 	D. circumstance 
13. For some people, this type of work has no fun, ______ he thinks that it is interesting
	A. for	B. or C. and D. but
14. My mother takes the responsibility ______ running the house.
 A. in	B. with	C. at	D. for
Find the mistake in each sentence.
15. Her fans admit that her voice is beautiful, and her performance is not skillful
 A B C D
16. Three days ago, Mary asked her teachers give her some advice.
 A B C D
Give the correct word form of the words in brackets.
17. He looks__________________ on stage ( passion )
18. His song, Tien Quan Ca, is the ________________anthem of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (nation)
READING 
Read the passage carefully and then choose the best option (A, B, C or D) to each question.
Lora: I might retire early. I don’t know. I’m 55 and my husband retired last year. He spends most of his time in the garden. I’d really like to be there with him though I am not quite fond of the tasks. I’m definitely going to learn a new language. I hate going abroad and speaking English.
Cass: I’m only 26, so I’m not going to retire soon! In fact I want to have more chances to earn our living. Jaime and I are going to have a baby next year and we’re really excited about that. We want to have a big family and live in a big house. Then, when I retire, my children and grandchildren will all be able to stay.
Sue: Well, Roger and I don’t agree about retiring. I love work and I don’t want to retire! I know I won’t have anything to do.	
Roger: I asked my boss at work recently and I might be able to retire next year. I might buy a house in France and spend the time that my family deserved to have with me long before. I’d love to have my first long-awaited visit to Paris with my wife one day.
Linda: I want to retire as soon as possible. I have three sons and now I don’t even have time to play with them. They will become mature very soon and don’t want to spend quality time with me. I can’t stand the thought.
19. The reason Lora looks forward to her retirement is because _____.
 A. her husband has already retired 	B. she likes doing gardening
 C. she hates travelling abroad	D. she likes to learn English
20. Which of the following is NOT true about Cass?
 A. His baby is born the following year	B. He wants his family to live in a big house.
 C. He wants to retire soon	D. He wants to earn more money
21. Who does NOT want to retire shortly?
 A. Linda	B. Sue	C. Roger	D. Lora
22. Roger _____.
 A. has spent enough time with his family already	B. will ask his boss for retirement next year
 C. has never been to Paris before	D. doesn’t want to go to Paris
23. The word “mature” in the passage is closest in meaning to ____.
 A. old	B. grown - up	C. childish	D. young
Read the passage below and choose the best answer (A, B, C or D) to each gap.
	What kind of music do you enjoy? Some people like going to classical concerts, and listening to an orchestra. The musicians wear very formal clothes, and the audience is silent until the end of the ( 1) Perhaps you are a rock music ( 2) .. Rock concerts are often held at football grounds or in parks. Members of the audience dance to the music, or sing the songs. ( 3) ..music is played at weddings and parties in many countries, and some people make their own music at home. Nowadays we ( 4) ..music in shops and lifts , and many people carry their own music with them, or even ( 5) .to music when they study. Music is everywhere!.
1.A. happening	
B. action
C. music
D. performance
2.A. fan
B. enthusiasm
C. reader
D. friend
3.A. Historical	
B. Nation
C. Traditional	
D. Ancient
4.A. listen
B. hear	
C. perform
D. understand
5.A. hear	
B. have	
C. follow
D. listen.
WRITING: Rewrite the sentences without changing their meaning.
29. The waiter is going to bring Fred a big steak.
 Fred ___________________________________________________________________________.
30. Jane let the beggar sit in front of her house.
 The beggar was ___________________________________________________________________.
LISTENING. 1. Listen and circle the correct answer.
1. What does the woman want?
A. new headphones
B. an aisle seat
C. a seat in non-smoking
2. What’s wrong with the dress?
A. It’s just right.
B. It’s the wrong style.
C. It’s the wrong color.
3. What option does the clerk suggest to the customer?
A. taking a bigger car
B. renting the car for an extra day
C. joining the car rental club
4. What are the boys going to have?
A. a surprise party
B. a snack
C. a buffet
5. What’s the invitation for?
A. to go to a movie
B. to come to dinner
C. to rent a video 
2. Listen and fill the gaps to complete the sentences below.
1. Susan spends more time on show.
2. The music makes their work and study more ...
3 . was fantastic and special competition.
4. In this contest, the coaches choose each team of fourteen outstanding . only via listening.
5. The contestant attracted her most by his special . as well as his incredible although his look wasn’t his strength
----------------The end--------------